Transceiver for communication and method for controlling communication

ABSTRACT

An example embodiment provides a transceiver for communication includes a timing determiner that detects a fall from high level to low level of a bus signal generated by pulse width modulation of a clock signal and input from a communication bus; a transmission data signal delay adjuster that determines a second timing having a predetermined time difference from a first timing, the bus signal rising from the low level to the high level at the first timing; an encoder that extends a low level of the bus signal by changing a data signal to be output to the communication bus from high level to low level; and a timing adjustment circuit that changes the data signal to the low level at the second timing.

PRIORITY

This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. Non-Provisionalapplication Ser. No. 15/198,928, filed on Jun. 30, 2016, which claimsthe priority and benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/307,925,filed on Mar. 14, 2016, the entire contents of which are incorporated byreference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to a transceiver for communication and a methodfor controlling communication.

BACKGROUND

In an apparatus provided with a plurality of electronically controllabledevices, communication is performed between processors that individuallycontrol the devices. For example, a vehicle such as an automobile isprovided with an air conditioner, door mirrors, power windows, wipers,and other electronically controllable devices. A plurality of ElectronicControl Units (ECU) that electronically control these devices aremounted in the vehicle. These ECUs are connected to each other by a busand communicate according to a predetermined communication protocol.

During communication between the ECUs, noise might be emitted by wiringin the bus that connects the ECUs. The emitted noise might affect otherdevices depending on the frequency band.

SUMMARY

It would therefore be helpful to provide a transceiver for communicationand a method for controlling communication that can reduce the effect ofnoise.

To this end, a transceiver for communication according to one aspect ofthis disclosure includes a timing determiner configured to detect a fallfrom high level to low level of a bus signal generated by pulse widthmodulation of a clock signal and input from a communication bus; atransmission data signal delay adjuster configured to determine a secondtiming having a predetermined time difference from a first timing, thebus signal rising from the low level to the high level at the firsttiming; an encoder configured to extend a low level of the bus signal bychanging a data signal to be output to the communication bus from highlevel to low level; and a timing adjustment circuit configured to changethe data signal to the low level at the second timing.

In the above aspect, the transmission data signal delay adjuster maycalculate the predetermined time difference with Equation (1) below:

t _(diff)=(2n−1)/(2f _(notch))  (1)

where t_(diff) is the predetermined time difference, f_(notch) is afrequency at which a harmonic level is reduced, and n is a naturalnumber.

The above aspect may further include a clock rise start detectorconfigured to detect a start of rising from the low level of the bussignal; and a clock rise start determiner configured to determine thefirst timing based on a timing of the start of rising of the bus signalfrom the low level detected by the clock rise start detector.

The above aspect may further include a first comparator configured tocompare a signal level of the bus signal with a first reference voltage;a second comparator configured to compare the signal level with a secondreference voltage different from the first reference voltage; and aclock rise start determiner configured to determine a timing of a startof rising from the low level of the bus signal based on a comparisonresult from the first comparator and the second comparator.

In the above aspect, the transmission data signal delay adjuster maydetermine the second timing to be after the fall of the bus signal.

The above aspect may further include a first comparator configured tocompare a signal level of the bus signal with a first reference voltage;a second comparator configured to compare the signal level with a secondreference voltage different from the first reference voltage; and aclock fall end determiner configured to determine a timing of the fallof the bus signal based on a comparison result from the first comparatorand the second comparator.

In the above aspect, the transmission data signal delay adjuster maydetermine the second timing to be earlier than a timing of a start ofrising from the low level of the bus signal.

In the above aspect, the transmission data signal delay adjuster maydetermine a timing of a start of rising from the low level to the highlevel of the data signal to be a predetermined length of time after atiming of the fall of the bus signal.

In the above aspect, the transceiver for communication may be includedin a node used in Clock Extension Peripheral Interface (CXPI)communication.

In the above aspect, the transceiver for communication may function as aslave node transceiver communicating with a master node transceiver overthe communication bus (e.g., such as a CXPI bus).

According to another aspect of this disclosure, a method is provided forcontrolling communication by a transceiver that communicates over acommunication bus, the method including: detecting a fall from highlevel to low level of a bus signal generated by pulse width modulationof a clock signal and input from the communication bus; determining asecond timing having a predetermined time difference from a firsttiming, the bus signal rising from the low level to the high level atthe first timing; extending a low level of the bus signal by changing adata signal to be output to the communication bus from high level to lowlevel; and changing the data signal to the low level at the secondtiming.

In the above aspect, the predetermined time difference may be calculatedwith Equation (2) below:

t _(diff)=(2n−1)/(2f _(notch))  (2)

where t_(diff) is the predetermined time difference, f_(notch) is afrequency at which a harmonic level is reduced, and n is a naturalnumber.

The above aspect may further include detecting by a clock rise startdetector a start of rising from the low level of the bus signal; anddetermining the first timing based on a timing of the bus signaldetected by the clock rise start detector.

In the above aspect, the transceiver for communication may include afirst comparator and a second comparator, and the above aspect mayfurther include: the first comparator comparing a signal level of thebus signal with a first reference voltage; the second comparatorcomparing the signal level with a second reference voltage differentfrom the first reference voltage; and determining a timing of a start ofrising from the low level of the bus signal based on a comparison resultfrom the first comparator and the second comparator.

The above aspect may further include determining the second timing to beafter the fall of the bus signal.

In the above aspect, the transceiver for communication may include afirst comparator and a second comparator, and the above aspect mayfurther include: the first comparator comparing a signal level of thebus signal with a first reference voltage; the second comparatorcomparing the signal level with a second reference voltage differentfrom the first reference voltage; and determining a timing of the fallof the bus signal based on a comparison result from the first comparatorand the second comparator.

The above aspect may further include determining the second timing to beearlier than a timing of a start of rising from the low level of the bussignal.

The above aspect may further include determining a timing of a start ofrising from the low level to the high level of the data signal to be apredetermined length of time after a timing of the fall of the bussignal.

In the above aspect, the transceiver for communication may be includedin a node used in Clock Extension Peripheral Interface (CXPI)communication.

In the above aspect, the transceiver for communication may function as aslave node transceiver communicating with a master node transceiver overthe communication bus (e.g., such as CXPI bus).

The transceiver for communication and the method for controllingcommunication of the embodiments below can reduce the effect of noise.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates the relationship between control by a slave node andcurrent flowing in the communication bus;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of the spectrum of harmonic levels whenexecuting control according to one of the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a transceiver forcommunication according to this embodiment;

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of controlling a transmission data signalwith the transceiver for communication according to this embodiment;

FIG. 5 illustrates the change in current of the communication bus whenthe slave fall end is sooner than the clock fall end;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a transceiver forcommunication according to a modification to this embodiment;

FIG. 7 illustrates a method of determining the time of the rise startand the time of the clock fall end in the transceiver for communicationof FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 illustrates processing by the clock fall end determiner in FIG. 6for determining the time of the clock fall;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a method by which the transmission datasignal delay adjuster in FIG. 6 determines the delay time;

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a method by which the transmissiondata signal delay adjuster in FIG. 6 determines the delay time;

FIG. 11 illustrates a transmission data signal and a bus signalcontrolled by the decoder in FIG. 6;

FIG. 12 illustrates a transmission data signal and a bus signalcontrolled by the decoder in FIG. 6;

FIG. 13 illustrates the change in current of the communication bus whenthe rise start is sooner than the slave fall end;

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of the system structure in CXPIcommunication;

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of the circuit structure in a CXPIcommunication system;

FIG. 16 illustrates an example of the waveform for the master node in aCXPI communication system;

FIG. 17 illustrates a portion of the circuit within the CXPI transceiverof the master node in FIG. 15;

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of the waveform for the slave node in aCXPI communication system;

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of the spectrum of noise generated in aCXPI communication system;

FIG. 20 illustrates an example of voltage on the communication bus;

FIG. 21 illustrates an example of current flowing in the communicationbus;

FIG. 22 schematically illustrates an example of current flow in thecommunication bus; and

FIG. 23 illustrates an example of the case when the inclination of thefall is set to be identical in the bus signal output by the master nodeand the bus signal output by the slave node.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Examples of communication protocols used between ECUs mounted in anautomobile include a Local Interconnect Network (LIN), a Controller AreaNetwork (CAN), and a Clock Extension Peripheral Interface (CXPI).

As illustrated by the example in FIG. 14, a communication system 1400that performs CXPI communication includes one master node 1401 and aplurality of slave nodes 1402. FIG. 14 illustrates an example with threeslave nodes 1402. The master node 1401 is connected to each slave node1402 by a communication bus 1403. The master node 1401 and the slavenodes 1402 are, for example, each configured with a computer, computingdevice, or the like.

The master node 1401 is a node that controls the operation timing ofeach slave node 1402. The master node 1401 transmits a bus signal mBUS(see FIG. 15), which becomes the reference for communication, at aconstant frequency to the communication bus 1403. The slave nodes 1402transmit and receive data with the bus signal mBUS transmitted by themaster node 1401 as a reference clock.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of the circuit structure in a CXPIcommunication system. FIG. 15 only illustrates one slave node 1504 inorder to simplify the illustration. A master node 1501 includes amicrocontroller 1502 and a CXPI transceiver 1503. The slave node 1504includes a microcontroller 1505 and a CXPI transceiver 1506. Themicrocontrollers 1502 and 1505 each include a Universal AsynchronousReceiver Transmitter (UART) interface and each transmit and receivesignals to and from the CXPI transceivers 1503 and 1506.

In CXPI communication, the master node 1501 transmits data by subjectingthe clock signal mCLK to Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). FIG. 16illustrates an example of the waveform for the master node in a CXPIcommunication system. FIG. 16 illustrates the clock signal mCLK outputfrom the microcontroller 1502 to the CXPI transceiver 1503, a datasignal mTXD output from the microcontroller 1502 to the CXPI transceiver1503, and the bus signal mBUS output by the CXPI transceiver 1503 to acommunication bus 1507.

A CXPI transceiver 1503 performs PWM on the clock signal mCLK togenerate a signal exhibiting a logical value corresponding to the datasignal mTXD. The bus signal mBUS generated by performing PWM on theclock signal mCLK is transmitted to the slave node 1504, therebytransmitting data from the master node 1501 to the slave node 1504. Thebus signal mBUS has two voltage levels (high level and low level). Thehigh level and the low level of the bus signal mBUS are generated by acircuit such as the one illustrated in FIG. 17 and are output to thecommunication bus 1507. The high level of the bus signal mBUS isdetermined by a pull-up resistor 1701 connected to a power line. The lowlevel of the bus signal mBUS is generated by an output terminal to thecommunication bus 1507 being connected to a ground GND via a transistorTr controlled by the data signal mTXD being input.

In CXPI communication, the logical value of the bus signal mBUS outputto the communication bus 1507 is determined by the length of the lowlevel (or the high level) of the bus signal mBUS. When the duration ofthe low level of the bus signal mBUS is shorter than a predeterminedtime, for example in the intervals Z₁ and Z₂ in FIG. 16, the logicalvalue of the bus signal mBUS is 1. When the duration of the low level ofthe bus signal mBUS is longer than a predetermined time, for example inthe interval Z₃ in FIG. 16, the logical value of the bus signal mBUS is0.

The CXPI transceiver 1503 performs PWM on the clock signal mCLK so thatthe bus signal mBUS exhibits a logical value of 1 when the data signalmTXD is at a high level, as shown in the intervals Z₁ and Z₂ in FIG. 16.Conversely, by extending the duration of the low level of the bus signalmBUS, the CXPI transceiver 1503 performs PWM on the clock signal mCLK sothat the bus signal mBUS exhibits a logical value of 0 when the datasignal mTXD is at a low level, as shown in the interval Z₃ in FIG. 16.In this way, the CXPI transceiver 1503 transmits data by controlling thelogical value of the bus signal mBUS based on the data signal mTXD.

The CXPI transceiver 1503 receives a bus signal sBUS transmitted by theslave node 1504 from the communication bus 1507 and transmits a datasignal obtained by decoding the bus signal sBUS to the microcontroller1502 as a received signal mRXD.

The slave node 1504 transmits data by combining the bus signal sBUS withthe bus signal mBUS output by the master node 1501 to generate the bussignal BUS. At the timing at which the slave node 1504 outputs data, themaster node 1501 does not transmit data but rather transmits the bussignal mBUS at a constant duty cycle and receives the bus signal sBUStransmitted by the slave node 1504 from the communication bus 1507. Atthe timing at which the slave node 1504 outputs data, the bus signalmBUS output by the master node 1501 is a signal with a logical valueof 1. In other words, when the slave node 1504 does not output the bussignal sBUS, the bus signal BUS exhibits a logical value of 1. Whenoutputting the bus signal sBUS, the slave node 1504 configures the bussignal sBUS so that the logical value of the combined bus signal BUSwill be 0. By the slave node 1504 thus determining the logical value ofthe combined bus signal BUS based on the bus signal sBUS, data can betransmitted to the master node 1501 that acquires the bus signal BUS.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of the waveform for the slave node in theCXPI communication system. FIG. 18 illustrates a bus signal BUS that isa combination of the bus signal sBUS output from the slave node 1504(CXPI transceiver 1506) and the bus signal mBUS output from the masternode 1501, a data signal sTXD output by the microcontroller 1505, areceived data signal RXD acquired by the CXPI transceiver 1506 from thebus signal mBUS, and a transmission data signal TXD transmitted by theCXPI transceiver 1506 to the communication bus 1507.

The slave node 1504 receives the bus signal mBUS output from the masternode 1501 via the communication bus 1507 and operates. The CXPItransceiver 1506 acquires the clock signal sCLK from the bus signal mBUSacquired from the communication bus 1507 and outputs the clock signalsCLK to the microcontroller 1505.

When transmitting data to the communication bus 1507, the slave node1504 notifies other nodes of the start of data transmission by drivingthe bus signal mBUS acquired from the master node 1501. Transmission ofdata by the slave node 1504 is now described. The CXPI transceiver 1506detects a fall in the bus signal mBUS by a change (fall) in the receiveddata signal RXD, which is generated by a circuit inside the CXPItransceiver 1506 and the logical value of which changes in accordancewith behavior of the bus signal mBUS ((i) in FIG. 18). Upon detecting afall in the bus signal mBUS by a fall in the received data signal RXD,the CXPI transceiver 1506 controls the logical value of the transmissiondata signal TXD generated in a circuit inside the CXPI transceiver 1506to be 0 based on the data signal sTXD output by the microcontroller 1505((ii) in FIG. 18). Upon the transmission data signal TXD being inputinto the communication bus 1507, the voltage of the bus signal sBUSdrops to the low level while the logical value of the transmission datasignal TXD is 0. Therefore, the duration of low level of the bus signalBUS that is the combination of the bus signal mBUS and the bus signalsBUS is extended ((iii) in FIG. 18). In this way, by the low level ofthe bus signal BUS being extended, the master node 1501 can receive abus signal BUS with an extended low level, thereby detecting the startof data transmission from the slave node 1504 to the master node 1501and starting to receive data.

As described above, when communication is performed between the masternode 1501 and the slave node 1504, noise may be emitted from thecommunication bus 1507 by transmission and reception of signals. Thenoise emitted from the communication bus 1507 may affect othercommunication. For example, a smart key system is affected by noise. Asmart key system is a system whereby a key that the user possesses locksand unlocks doors of the automobile by wireless communication with theautomobile. For example, when using a 19.2 kHz signal as the referenceclock in CXPI communication and using a 134 kHz signal in the smart keysystem, 134 kHz is the 7th harmonic of 19.2 kHz. Therefore, asillustrated in FIG. 19, the harmonic level around 134 kHz (100 kHz to160 kHz) indicated by region 1900 in the noise frequency spectrumincreases. As a result, wireless communication of the smart key systemmay be blocked by CXPI communication.

If an attempt is made to suppress emission of noise by performingcontrol to reduce the slew rate of the bus signal mBUS and to make thebus signal mBUS rise and fall more gradually, then when the slave node1504 transmits data, the fall of the bus signal sBUS input into thecommunication bus 1507 needs to be somewhat steeper for signal accuracy.On the other hand, if the fall of the bus signal sBUS is too steep,conduction noise is generated due to the change in the current flowingin the communication bus 1507. The conduction noise generated in thecommunication bus 1507 and the reason why the fall of the bus signalsBUS should not be made too gradual are now described with respect toFIG. 20, FIG. 21, FIG. 22, and FIG. 23.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example of a voltage signal on the communicationbus 1507, and FIG. 21 illustrates an example of current flowing in thecommunication bus 1507. FIG. 22 schematically illustrates an example ofcurrent flow in the communication bus 1507.

When the bus signal sBUS from the slave node 1504 is not input to thecommunication bus 1507 and the bus signal mBUS from the master node 1501is falling (interval Z₄ in FIG. 20 and FIG. 21), the current flows fromthe pull-up resistor side to the transistor Tr side in the CXPItransceiver 1503 as illustrated in (1) of FIG. 22, without flowing tothe communication bus 1507.

As described with reference to FIG. 18, the slave node 1504 sets thevoltage level of the bus signal sBUS on the communication bus 1507 to alow level. Therefore, upon inputting the transmission data signal TXD tothe communication bus 1507 (interval Z₅ in FIG. 20 and FIG. 21), thecurrent flows in the CXPI transceiver 1503 as indicated by (1) of FIG.22 and also flows to the CXPI transceiver 1506 as indicated by (2). Inother words, at this time, current flows in the communication bus 1507.When transitioning in this way from interval Z₄ to interval Z₅,conduction noise is generated due to the change in the current. The bussignal sBUS input to the communication bus 1507 at this time has asteeper inclination at the falling edge than the falling edge of the bussignal mBUS output from the master node 1501, as illustrated in FIG. 20.Therefore, a sudden change in current occurs.

Furthermore, when the bus signal mBUS output by the master node 1501 ishigh level and the voltage level of the bus signal sBUS output from theslave node 1504 is maintained at low level (interval Z₆ in FIG. 20 andFIG. 21), the current stops flowing to the transistor Tr side of theCXPI transceiver 1503, and as indicated by (2) in FIG. 22, all of thecurrent flows from the pull-up resistor side of the CXPI transceiver1503 to the CXPI transceiver 1506. Accordingly, the current flowing inthe communication bus 1507 changes (increases) when transitioning frominterval Z₅ to interval Z₆ as well, and conduction noise is thereforegenerated due to the change in the current.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example of the case when the inclination of thefall is set to be identical in the bus signal mBUS output by the masternode 1501 and the bus signal sBUS output by the slave node 1504. Whenthe inclination of the fall of the bus signal sBUS output from the slavenode 1504 is gradual, then in the bus signal BUS, which is a combinationof the bus signal mBUS from the master node 1501 and the bus signal sBUSfrom the slave node 1504 and which flows in the communication bus 1507,an interval Z₇ may occur, in which the signal level rises and falls incorrespondence with the rise of the bus signal mBUS from the master node1501 and the fall of the bus signal sBUS from the slave node 1504. If aninterval Z₇ occurs in which the signal level rises and falls in thisway, communication between the master node 1501 and the slave node 1504becomes unstable. Therefore, in order to prevent such an interval Z₇from occurring, the fall of the bus signal sBUS output from the slavenode 1504 should have a certain degree of steepness.

On the other hand, upon making the fall of the bus signal sBUS outputfrom the slave node 1504 steep, conduction noise occurs as describedabove, which may for example block wireless communication in a smart keysystem or the like.

An embodiment for reducing the effect of the aforementioned conductionnoise is described below with reference to the drawings.

First, the principle in this embodiment behind reducing the effect ofconduction noise is described with reference to FIG. 1. FIG. 1illustrates the relationship between control by a slave node and currentflowing in the communication bus. FIG. 1 illustrates a bus signal mBUSoutput by the master node 1501, a bus signal sBUS output by the slavenode 1504, a bus signal BUS that is a combination of the bus signal mBUSand the bus signal sBUS, and the current I_(BUS) flowing in thecommunication bus 1507. In FIG. 1, time t₁ indicates the point in timeat which the logical value of the bus signal sBUS from the slave node1504 reaches 0 (slave fall end), and time t₂ indicates the point in timeat which the bus signal mBUS from the master node 1501 starts to bedisplaced from the low level to the high level (clock rise start).

As described with reference to FIGS. 20 to 22, the current I_(BUS)flowing in the communication bus 1507 changes due to the operations whenthe slave node 1504 transmits data. In FIG. 1, section A indicates thechange in the current I_(BUS) due to the transition from interval Z₄ tointerval Z₅ in FIGS. 20 and 21, and section B indicates the change inthe current I_(BUS) due to the transition from interval Z₅ to intervalZ₆ in FIGS. 20 and 21.

When a time difference t_(diff) is a predetermined length, wheret_(diff) is the difference between time t₂ and time t₁, then in aspecific frequency band, a component of the current spectrum in sectionA and a component of the current spectrum in section B are canceled dueto a phase relationship. In other words, in the components of thespectrum at each frequency band for section A and section B, thecomponents of the frequency band for which the phase difference is πradians (or an odd multiple of it radians) cancel each other.

The relationship between the time difference t_(diff) and the frequencyf_(notch) that is cancelled is now described in detail.

The phase difference Δφ in the frequency components of section A andsection B at a predetermined frequency f is represented by Equation (3)below.

Δφ=2π·t _(diff) ·f  (3)

In order for the components of section A and section B at frequencyf_(notch) to be canceled, it suffices for the phase difference Δφ to bean odd multiple of π radians. In other words, it suffices for Equation(4) to hold, where n is a natural number.

2π·t _(diff) ·f _(notch)=(2n−1)π  (4)

Solving Equation (4) for f_(notch) and t_(diff) yields Equation (5) andEquation (6) below.

f _(notch)=(2n−1)/(2t _(diff))  (5)

t _(diff)=(2n−1)/(2f _(notch))  (6)

Accordingly, by controlling the time difference t_(diff) to be the valuecalculated by substituting the frequency f_(notch) at which the spectrumcomponents are cancelled into Equation (6) above, the effect of theharmonic at the frequency f_(notch) can be reduced.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of the frequency spectrum of harmoniclevels when executing control according to this embodiment. FIG. 2illustrates the frequency spectrum of harmonic levels when the timedifference t_(diff) is controlled to be the value calculated fromEquation (6) with f_(notch)=134 kHz. As illustrated in FIG. 2, theharmonic level near f_(notch)=134 kHz indicated in the region 200 isreduced as compared to FIG. 19. As a result, the effect of conductionnoise at the frequency band near f_(notch) can be reduced. In theexample illustrated in FIG. 2, the case of f_(notch)=134 kHz has beendescribed, but in other frequency bands as well, the harmonic level inthe frequency band can be lowered by controlling the time differencet_(diff) to be the value calculated by Equation (6). As the differencein height (i.e. the fluctuation range of the current) between section Aand section B is smaller, the effect of the reduction in the harmoniclevel increases.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a slave nodetransceiver for communication (CXPI transceiver 1506), according to thisembodiment, which can reduce the above-described harmonic level. TheCXPI transceiver 1506 includes an analog block 301 and a logic block305.

The analog block 301 includes a driver 302, a receiver 303, and a clockrise start detector 304. The driver 302 inputs the transmission datasignal TXD from the microcontroller 1505, acquired via the logic block305, into the communication bus 1507. The receiver 303 acquires the bussignal mBUS input from the communication bus 1507 connected to theanalog block 301 and transmits the bus signal mBUS to the logic block305.

The clock rise start detector 304 is a circuit that detects the point intime at which the clock signal starts to be displaced from the low levelto the high level, i.e. the time t₂. The clock rise start detector 304is, for example, configured with a comparator. When the clock rise startdetector 304 is configured with a comparator, for example the low levelvoltage V_(L) of the bus signal mBUS and the bus signal mBUS are inputinto the clock rise start detector 304. The clock rise start detector304 compares the voltage V_(L) with the voltage of the bus signal mBUSthat are input and outputs a signal representing the comparison result.

The logic block 305 includes a decoder 306, a clock rise startdeterminer 307, a transmission data signal delay adjuster 308, and anencoder 309. The decoder 306 transmits the result of decoding the signalacquired from the receiver 303 to the microcontroller 1505.

Based on the timing of the clock rise start acquired from the clock risestart detector 304, the clock rise start determiner 307 determines thetime t₂ at which the bus signal mBUS starts to be displaced from the lowlevel. Based on the time t₂ acquired from the clock rise startdeterminer 307 and on the target time difference t_(diff), thetransmission data signal delay adjuster 308 determines the timing forinputting the transmission data signal TXD, i.e. the timing for loweringthe bus signal sBUS from the slave node 1504.

The encoder 309 converts the data signal sTXD acquired from themicrocontroller 1505 to a PWM signal and inputs the transmission datasignal TXD to the driver 302. At this time, the encoder 309 inputs thetransmission data signal TXD to the driver 302 at a predetermined timingbased on the timing for inputting the transmission data signal TXDdetermined by the transmission data signal delay adjuster 308.

With reference to FIG. 4, the following describes control by the CXPItransceiver 1506 described with reference to FIG. 3. Like FIG. 1, FIG. 4illustrates a bus signal mBUS output by the master node 1501, a bussignal sBUS output by the slave node 1504, a bus signal BUS that is acombination of the bus signal mBUS and the bus signal sBUS, and thecurrent I_(BUS) flowing in the communication bus 1507. Here, an exampleof the case of the CXPI transceiver 1506 outputting the bus signal sBUSby transmitting the transmission data signal TXD at the n^(th) clockcycle is described.

First, with the clock rise start detector 304, the CXPI transceiver 1506detects the time t₂ _(_) _(n-1) of the clock rise start at the(n−1)^(th) cycle that is one cycle before the n^(th) cycle. With theclock rise start determiner 307, the CXPI transceiver 1506 alsodetermines, based on the period T_(per) of the bus signal mBUS, the timet₂ _(_) _(n)=t₂ _(_) _(n-1)+T_(per) of the n^(th) clock rise start fromthe detected time t₂ _(_) _(n-1). Note that the CXPI transceiver 1506need not detect the time t₂ _(_) _(n-1) if the time t₂ _(_) _(n) of then^(th) clock rise start can be calculated. For example, the CXPItransceiver 1506 may calculate the time t₂ _(_) _(n) based on the timet₂ _(_) _(n-m) of the (n−m)^(th) clock rise start (where n>m).

The CXPI transceiver 1506 subtracts the time difference t_(diff) fromthe time t₂ _(_) _(n) with the transmission data signal delay adjuster308, thereby calculating the time at which the logical value of the bussignal sBUS became 0, i.e. the time t₁ _(_) _(n) of the slave fall end.The CXPI transceiver 1506 modulates the bus signal sBUS with logicalvalue 0 to a PWM signal so that the time t₁ _(_) _(n) becomes the slavefall end of the bus signal sBUS.

In this way, by the CXPI transceiver 1506 controlling the timing ofcontrol of the bus signal sBUS, the harmonic level at a predeterminedfrequency f_(notch) can be reduced.

Next, a modification to the CXPI transceiver 1506 of this embodiment isdescribed. The modification described here is an example that cancontrol the timing of the below-described slave fall end and the fallend (clock fall end) of the bus signal mBUS.

FIG. 5 illustrates the change in current of the communication bus whenthe slave fall end is sooner than the clock fall end. As illustrated inFIG. 5, when the time t₁ of the slave fall end of the bus signal sBUS isearlier than the time t₀ of the clock fall end of the bus signal mBUS,then from the time t₁ to the time t₀, all of the current flows from thepull-up resistor side of the master node 1501 to the slave node 1504 viathe communication bus 1507. Therefore, a change in the current I_(BUS)of the communication bus 1507 occurs. Conduction noise is generated dueto this change in current I_(BUS). The amount of change in the currentI_(BUS) at this time is the total of the amount of change in section Aand section B in FIG. 1. Therefore, the effect on conduction noise atthis time increases more in comparison to section A and section B inFIG. 1. Accordingly, the time t₁ of the slave fall end should preferablybe later than the time t₀ of clock fall end.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a transceiver forcommunication (CXPI transceiver 1506) according to a modification tothis embodiment. The CXPI transceiver 1506 according to thismodification includes an analog block 601 and a logic block 605.

The analog block 601 includes a driver 602, a first comparator 603, anda second comparator 604. The driver 602 inputs the transmission datasignal TXD from the microcontroller 1505, acquired via the logic block605, into the communication bus 1507.

The first comparator 603 and the second comparator 604 output a signalused in the logic block 605 to determine the time of the clock risestart and the clock fall end. The bus signal mBUS from the communicationbus 1507 is input into the first comparator 603 and the secondcomparator 604. Furthermore, a first reference voltage V_(th1) is inputinto the first comparator 603, and a second reference voltage V_(th2) isinput into the second comparator 604. The first reference voltageV_(th1) and the second reference voltage V_(th2) are each equal to orgreater than the voltage V_(L) of the low level and equal to or lessthan the voltage V_(H) of the high level of the bus signal mBUS. It isassumed here that V_(th1)>V_(th2). The first comparator 603 and thesecond comparator 604 respectively compare the first reference voltageV_(th1) and the second reference voltage V_(th2) with the voltage of thebus signal mBUS and output a signal representing the comparison result(comparison signal).

The logic block 605 includes a clock rise start determiner 606, a clockfall end determiner 607, a transmission data signal delay adjuster 608,and an encoder 609.

The comparison signals from the first comparator 603 and the secondcomparator 604 are input into the clock rise start determiner 606 andthe clock fall end determiner 607. Based on the acquired signal, theclock rise start determiner 606 determines the time t₂ at which the bussignal mBUS starts to be displaced from the low level. Based on theacquired signal, the clock fall end determiner 607 determines the timet₂ at which the bus signal mBUS reaches the low level. Details on themethod by which the clock rise start determiner 606 and the clock fallend determiner 607 determine the time t₂ and the time t₀ are providedbelow.

Based on the time t₂ acquired from the clock rise start determiner 606,the time t₀ acquired from the clock fall end determiner 607, and thetarget time difference t_(diff), the transmission data signal delayadjuster 608 determines the timing for inputting the transmission datasignal TXD. The transmission data signal delay adjuster 608 performscontrol so that the time t₁ of the slave fall end is earlier than thetime t₂ of the clock rise start by the time difference t_(diff) thatallows the desired harmonic level to be reduced. When the time t₁ isearlier than the time t₀ of the clock fall end, however, conductionnoise is generated for the reason described with reference to FIG. 5. Inorder to avoid this conduction noise, the time t₁ of the slave fall endmay be controlled to be at or later than the time t₀.

The encoder 609 converts the data signal sTXD acquired from themicrocontroller 1505 to a PWM signal and inputs the transmission datasignal TXD to the driver 602. The encoder 609 inputs the transmissiondata signal TXD acquired from the microcontroller 1505 to the driver 602at a predetermined timing based on the timing for inputting thetransmission data signal TXD determined by the transmission data signaldelay adjuster 608.

Details on the method by which the clock rise start determiner 606 andthe clock fall end determiner 607 determine the time t₂ of the clockrise start and the time t₀ of the clock fall end are now described withreference to FIG. 7. FIG. 7 illustrates the bus signal mBUS, acomparison signal Comp1 of the first comparator 603, and a comparisonsignal Comp2 of the second comparator 604.

From the comparison signal Comp1 of the first comparator 603 and thecomparison signal Comp2 of the second comparator 604, the clock risestart determiner 606 determines a time t_(r1) at which the bus signalmBUS reached the voltage V_(th2) and a time t_(r2) at which the bussignal mBUS reached the voltage V_(th1) while transitioning from lowlevel to high level. Based on the voltages V_(th2) and V_(th1) of thebus signal mBUS and the times t_(r1) and t_(r2), the clock rise startdeterminer 606 can calculate the rate of change of the bus signal mBUS.Specifically, the rate of change is calculated as(V_(th1)−V_(th2))/(t_(r2)−t_(r1)). Based on the calculated rate ofchange, the clock rise start determiner 606 calculates the time t₂ atwhich the voltage of the bus signal mBUS is the low level voltage V_(L).Specifically, the time t₂ is calculated by Equation (7) below, whereV_(L)=0 and the time t_(r2) is the reference time.

t ₂ =t _(r2)−(t _(r2) −t _(r1))·V _(th1)/(V _(th1) −V _(th2))  (7)

From the comparison signal Comp1 of the first comparator 603 and thecomparison signal Comp2 of the second comparator 604, the clock fall enddeterminer 607 determines a time t_(f1) at which the bus signal mBUSreached the voltage V_(th1) and a time t_(f2) at which the bus signalmBUS reached the voltage V_(th2) while transitioning from high level tolow level. Based on the voltages V_(th1) and V_(th2) of the bus signalmBUS and the times t_(f1) and t_(f2), the clock fall end determiner 607can calculate the rate of change of the bus signal mBUS. Specifically,the rate of change is calculated as (V_(th2)−V_(th1))/(t_(f2)−t_(f1)).Based on the calculated rate of change, the clock fall end determiner607 calculates the time t₀ at which the voltage of the bus signal mBUSis the low level voltage V_(L). Specifically, the time t₀ is calculatedby Equation (8) below, where V_(L)=0 and the time t_(f1) is thereference time.

t ₀=(t _(f2) −t _(f1))·V _(th1)/(V _(th1) −V _(th2))  (8)

The following describes control by the CXPI transceiver 1506 describedwith reference to FIG. 6. Here, an example of the case of the CXPItransceiver 1506 outputting the bus signal sBUS by transmitting thetransmission data signal TXD at the n^(th) clock cycle is described.

First, the CXPI transceiver 1506 determines the time t₂ _(_) _(n) of then^(th) clock rise start with the clock rise start determiner 606. Themethod for determination of the clock rise start determiner 606 issimilar to the method described in FIG. 4. Hence, details are omittedhere. When determining the time t₂ _(_) _(n), the clock rise startdeterminer 606 can determine the time of the clock rise start with themethod described with reference to FIG. 7.

Next, with the clock fall end determiner 607, the CXPI transceiver 1506determines the time t₀ _(_) _(n) of the n^(th) clock fall end of the bussignal mBUS. Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 8, the clock fall enddeterminer 607 detects the time t₀ _(_) _(n-1) of the clock fall end ofthe bus signal mBUS at the (n−1)^(th) cycle that is one cycle before then^(th) cycle. The clock fall end determiner 607 detects the time t₀ _(_)_(n-1) with the method described with reference to FIG. 7. With theclock fall end determiner 607, the CXPI transceiver 1506 alsodetermines, based on the period T_(per) of the bus signal mBUS, the timet₀ _(_) _(n)=t₀ _(_) _(n-1)+T_(per) of the n^(th) clock fall end of thebus signal mBUS from the detected time t₀ _(_) _(n-1). Note that theCXPI transceiver 1506 need not detect the time t₀ _(_) _(n-1) if thetime t₀ _(_) _(n) of the n^(th) clock fall end of the bus signal mBUScan be calculated. For example, the CXPI transceiver 1506 may calculatethe time t₀ _(_) _(n) based on the time t₀ _(_) _(n-m) of the (n−m)^(th)clock fall end of the bus signal mBUS (where n>m).

The CXPI transceiver 1506 also determines the time of the delay of thetransmission data signal TXD with the transmission data signal delayadjuster 608. Details on the method by which the transmission datasignal delay adjuster 608 determines the delay time are provided withreference to FIG. 9 and FIG. 10.

FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 illustrate an example of a method by which thetransmission data signal delay adjuster in FIG. 6 determines the delaytime. FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 illustrate the bus signal mBUS, thetransmission data signal TXD (not controlled) when not controlling thetiming of output, and the transmission data signal TXD when controllingthe timing of output. Here, the time t_(f1) at which the voltage becomesV_(th1) when the bus signal mBUS falls is described as being a referencetime.

In FIGS. 9 and 10, D_(int) is a delay value within the circuit andincludes a comparator delay, an internal circuit delay, a bus outputdelay, and the like. Furthermore, t_(dly) is the delay time.

When the time difference t_(diff) is equal to or less than the timebetween the time t₂ and the time t₀, i.e. when t_(diff)≦t₂−t₀, thetransmission data signal delay adjuster 608 determines t_(dly) byEquation (9) below.

t _(dly)=(t ₂ −t _(diff))−D _(int)  (9)

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a state in which Equation (9) holds.

When the time difference t_(diff) is longer than the time between thetime t₂ and the time t₀, i.e. when t_(diff)>t₂−t₀, the transmission datasignal delay adjuster 608 determines t_(dly) to be a value satisfyingEquation (10) below, where t_(min)=t₀−D_(int).

t _(dly) >t _(min)  (10)

In this way, when t_(diff)>t₂−t₀, by setting t_(dly) to be a valuelarger than t_(min), generation of the conduction noise described withreference to FIG. 5 can be avoided.

With the encoder 609, the CXPI transceiver 1506 controls thetransmission data signal TXD based on the calculated delay time t_(dly).FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 illustrate the transmission data signal TXDcontrolled by the encoder 609 in FIG. 6, and the bus signal BUS yieldedby combining the bus signal mBUS and the bus signal sBUS. FIG. 11illustrates the results of control when t_(diff)≦t₂−t₀, and FIG. 12illustrates the results of control when t_(diff)>t₂−t₀.

At the delay time corresponding to t_(dly), the encoder 609 converts thetransmission data signal TXD with logical value 0 to a PWM signal andoutputs the result. At this time, with respect to the fall of thetransmission data signal TXD, the encoder 609 performs control for atime delay corresponding to t_(dly). On the other hand, with respect tothe time at which the transmission data signal TXD starts to rise (slaverise start), the encoder 609 performs control so that the length of timefrom the time t_(f1) is a constant length of time. Assuming that thefall of the bus signal mBUS is constant, the encoder 609 controls thetransmission data signal to rise after a constant length of time fromthe time t₀. In this way, the CXPI transceiver 1506 can reduce theharmonic level at a desired frequency band while maintaining the dutycycle of the bus signal BUS.

If the time t₁ of the slave fall end is later than the time t₂ at whichthe clock signal starts to be displaced from the low level to the highlevel, then the current flowing in the communication bus 1507 suddenlychanges as illustrated in FIG. 13, generating conduction noise.Accordingly, the time t₁ should preferably be earlier than the time t₂.According to the above-described embodiment and modification, the timet₁ is controlled to be earlier than the time t₂.

Although embodiments of this disclosure have been described based onexamples and on the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted thatvarious changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled inthe art based on this disclosure. Therefore, such changes andmodifications are to be understood as included within the scope of thisdisclosure. For example, the functions and the like included in thestructural components may be reordered in any logically coherent way.Furthermore, structural components and the like may be combined into oneor divided.

For example, in the above-described embodiment and modification, theencoder may generate a PWM signal, and a timing adjustment circuitprovided separately in the CXPI transceiver 1506 may perform control todelay the falling edge of the control signal (slave fall end). In theabove-described embodiment and modification, the function of the timingadjustment circuit has been described as being included in the encoder.

The above-described clock rise start determiner 307, transmission datasignal delay adjuster 308, clock rise start determiner 606, clock fallend determiner 607, and transmission data signal delay adjuster 608, forexample, may be configured as a logic circuit or the like in which aplurality of logic cells are combined. Specific examples include one ormore of each of the following: an Application Specific IntegratedCircuit (ASIC), Digital Signal Processor (DSP), Digital SignalProcessing Device (DSPD), Programmable Logical Device (PLD), FieldProgrammable Array (FPGA), System-on-Chip (SoC), processor, controller,microcontroller, and microprocessor, or a combination thereof.

Various embodiments described herein may include various operations.These operations may be performed and/or controlled by hardwarecomponents, digital hardware and/or firmware, and/or combinationsthereof. As used herein, the term “coupled to” may mean coupled directlyor indirectly through one or more intervening components. Any of thesignals described herein may be time multiplexed with other signals andprovided over one or more common buses. Additionally, theinterconnection between circuit components or blocks may be shown asbuses or as single signal lines. Each of the buses may alternatively beone or more single signal lines and each of the single signal lines mayalternatively be buses.

Certain embodiments may be implemented as a firmware or software productthat may include instructions stored on a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium, e.g., such as volatile memory and/ornon-volatile memory. These instructions may be used to program one ormore devices that include one or more general-purpose or special-purposeprocessors (e.g., such as CPUs, ASICs, DSPs, DSPDs, PLDs, FPGAs, SoCs,etc.) or equivalents thereof (e.g., such as processing cores, processingengines, microcontrollers, and the like), so that when executed by theprocessor(s) or the equivalents thereof, the instructions cause thedevice(s) to perform the operations described herein. A non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium may include, but is not limited to,electromagnetic storage medium (e.g., floppy disks, hard disks, and thelike), optical storage medium (e.g., CD-ROM), magneto-optical storagemedium, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), erasableprogrammable memory (e.g., EPROM and EEPROM), flash memory, or anothernow-known or later-developed non-transitory type of medium that issuitable for storing information. A computer-readable medium may alsoinclude one or more mechanisms for storing or transmitting informationin a form (e.g., software, processing application, etc.) that isreadable by a machine (e.g., such as a device or a computer).

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described withreference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however,be evident that various modifications and changes may be made theretowithout departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention asset forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are,accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than arestrictive sense.

What is claimed is: 1-20. (canceled)
 21. A communication circuitcomprising: a timing determination module configured to detect a changeof a bus signal from a first level to a second level, the bus signalgenerated by modulation of a timing signal and an input from acommunication bus; a delay module configured to determine a second timehaving a predetermined difference value from a first time, the bussignal changing from the second level to the first level at the firsttime; an encoder configured to extend the length of time the bus signalis at the second level by changing a data signal to be output to thecommunication bus from the first level to the second level; and a timingadjustment module configured to change the data signal to the secondlevel at the second time.
 22. The communication circuit of claim 21,wherein the delay module computes the predetermined difference valuebased on a frequency at which a harmonic level is reduced and a naturalnumber.
 23. The communication circuit of claim 21, further comprising: atiming signal start detection module configured to detect a start of achange of the bus signal from the second level; and a timing signalstart determination module configured to determine the first time basedon a bus signal interval of the bus signal detected by the timing signalstart detection module.
 24. The communication circuit of claim 21,further comprising: a first comparator configured to compare a voltagelevel of the bus signal with a first reference voltage; a secondcomparator configured to compare the voltage level with a secondreference voltage, the second reference voltage different from the firstreference voltage; and a timing signal start determination moduleconfigured to determine a time of a start of a change of the bus signalfrom the second level based on a comparison of the first comparator andthe second comparator.
 25. The communication circuit of claim 21,wherein the delay module determines the second time after the change ofthe bus signal from the first level to the second level.
 26. Thecommunication circuit of claim 25, further comprising: a firstcomparator configured to compare a voltage level of the bus signal witha first reference voltage; a second comparator configured to compare thevoltage level with a second reference voltage different from the firstreference voltage; and a timing signal start determination moduleconfigured to determine a time of a change of the bus signal from thefirst level to the second level based on a comparison result from thefirst comparator and the second comparator.
 27. The communicationcircuit of claim 21, wherein the delay module determines the second timeto be earlier than a start of the change from the second level of thebus signal.
 28. The communication circuit of claim 21, wherein the delaymodule determines a time of a start of a change from the second level tothe first level of the data signal to be a predetermined length of timeafter a timing of the change of the buss signal from the first level tothe second level.
 29. The communication circuit of claim 21, wherein thetransceiver is included in a node used in Clock Extension PeripheralInterface (CXPI) communication.
 30. The communication circuit of claim29, wherein the transceiver functions as a slave node transceivercommunicating with a master node transceiver over the communication bus.31. A method for controlling communication by a transceiver over acommunication bus, the method comprising: detecting a change from afirst level to a second level of a bus signal generated by modulation ofa timing signal and an input from the communication bus; determining asecond time having a predetermined time difference from a first time,the bus signal changing from the second level to the first level at thefirst time; extending the second level of the bus signal by changing thedata signal to be output to the communication bus from the first levelto the second level; and changing the bus signal to the second level atthe second time.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the predeterminedtime difference is computed based on a frequency at which a harmoniclevel is reduced and a natural number.
 33. The method of claim 31,further comprising: detecting a change of the bus signal from the secondlevel to the first level by a detector module; and determining the firsttime based on a time of the change detected by the detector module. 34.The method of claim 31, wherein: the transceiver includes a firstcomparator and a second comparator; and the method further comprises:comparing with the first comparator a voltage level of the bus signalwith a first reference voltage, comparing the voltage level with asecond reference voltage with the second comparator, the secondreference voltage substantially different from the first referencevoltage, and determining a time of a change of the bus signal from thesecond level to the first level based on a comparison result from thefirst comparator and the second comparator.
 35. The method of claim 31,further comprising determining the second time to be after the change ofthe bus signal from the first level to the second level.
 36. The methodof claim 35, wherein: the transceiver includes a first comparator and asecond comparator; and the method further comprises: comparing with thefirst comparator a voltage level of the bus signal with a firstreference voltage, comparing with the second comparator the voltagelevel of the bus signal with a second reference voltage, the secondreference voltage substantially different from the first referencevoltage, and determining a time of a change of the bus signal from thefirst level to the second level based on a comparison result from thefirst comparator and the second comparator.
 37. The method of claim 31,further comprising determining the second time to be earlier than a timeof a change of the bus signal from the second level to the first level.38. The method of claim 31, further comprising determining a time of astart of a change of the data signal from the second level to the firstlevel to be a predetermined length of time after the change of the bussignal from the first level to the second level.
 39. The method of claim31, wherein the transceiver is included in a node used in ClockExtension Peripheral Interface (CXPI) communication.
 40. The method ofclaim 39, wherein the transceiver functions as a slave node transceivercommunicating with a master node transceiver over the communication bus.